Antibodies against adeno-associated virus (AAV) Vectors: Implication To Gene Therapy

Antibodies against adeno-associated virus (AAV) are an important consideration in gene therapy using AAV as a delivery vector. AAVs are commonly used for gene therapy because of their low pathogenicity and ability to deliver genetic material to a variety of tissues. However, one of the primary limitations to their use is the immune response they can trigger, especially the formation of anti-AAV antibodies. Here’s an overview of the types, impact, and considerations for managing AAV antibodies in gene therapy:

Types of Anti-AAV Antibodies

Neutralizing Antibodies (NAbs): These antibodies directly bind to the AAV capsid and prevent it from entering cells, effectively neutralizing the therapeutic vector before it can deliver its payload. NAbs are often pre-existing in patients due to natural exposure to wild-type AAV and can be reactivated or boosted upon administration of the vector.
Non-neutralizing Antibodies (non-NAbs): These bind to the AAV capsid without blocking cell entry but may lead to enhanced clearance through immune system mechanisms. While they don’t directly inhibit vector efficacy, they can increase opsonization and phagocytosis, leading to reduced circulation time and biodistribution.

Impact of AAV Antibodies on Therapy

Reduced Efficacy: Neutralizing antibodies can significantly reduce transduction efficiency, which directly impacts therapeutic efficacy.
Dose Escalation Challenges: Higher doses may partially overcome NAbs, but this approach has limitations due to increased immune responses and potential toxicity.
Safety Risks: Immune reactions triggered by AAV antibodies can cause inflammatory responses, including cytokine release, which can lead to adverse effects in patients.
Variability in Patient Populations: Seropositivity for AAV varies by age, geographic location, and previous exposure to AAV serotypes, making patient screening for AAV antibodies critical in clinical trial design.

Strategies to Manage Anti-AAV Antibodies

Screening and Exclusion: Many gene therapy trials screen patients for AAV NAbs and exclude those with high titers. This approach, however, limits the eligible patient population.
Immunosuppression Regimens: Use of immunosuppressants before and after administration of AAV vectors can reduce the immune response, although it introduces additional risks and complexity.
Vector Engineering: Developing AAV vectors based on rare serotypes or engineered capsids may evade pre-existing antibodies, though it may not completely prevent the formation of new antibodies post-administration.
Plasma Exchange: This technique, used to reduce circulating antibodies, has shown promise in certain cases, although its practical application can be challenging.
Decoy Capsids: Co-administering empty capsids as “decoys” may help to absorb some of the antibodies, allowing more therapeutic vectors to reach target cells.

Understanding and mitigating the effects of AAV antibodies remains an active area of research, as this immune response is one of the main hurdles to wider and more effective use of AAV-based gene therapies.

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